Probability : From Structure of chance to the Rules of reality

Research

Value Function Episode

Probability theory is presented as one of the most significant intellectual leaps in human history, transforming unpredictable chance into a rigorous mathematical structure that serves as the logic of science. The source traces this development from its origins in 17th-century gambling problems—notably the Problem of Points solved through the seminal correspondence between Pascal and Fermat—to the modern era. The core of the discipline lies in Andrey Kolmogorov's 1933 axioms, which rigorously anchor probability to measure theory through the foundational principles of Non-Negativity, Normalization, and Countable Additivity. Ultimately, probability is shown to be the i...